Kinetic energy recovery systems KERS in Formula One F1 2011
The KERS again in 2011, and will be optional. After its unsuccessful premiere in 2009, the teams decided not to use it in 2010 as a cost containment measure, but according to legal regulations was carrying. With cars different from those of 2009, we'll see how it will affect their incorporation into the design of the cars of 2011.
This energy recovery system allows for power when the cars slow down for storage, then release power to provide extra power for 6.7 seconds per lap when you press a button. In essence the system is simple, just need three main components: the motor-generator that generates power in braking and releases it when you use the KERS, the batteries to store power, and control unit that controls the entire process.
Motor-generator (yellow in the drawing): Mounted on the front of the motor is coupled to a gear positioned on the front of the crankshaft. It works in two modes, one recovering energy from braking to turn it into electrical energy that is stored in batteries, and another doing the opposite, return the battery power to operate as a motor when you press the button on the KERS. Owing to the high revs at which rotates and the large electric current generated and released, usually the teams cooled with water or oil.
Batteries (red): Although flywheels have been developed to store energy in 2009 were only used electric batteries lithium ion. Comprising some 40 individual cells last two races, and usually is mounted on the floor of the pontoon under the radiators. To be loaded and unloaded several times each lap was very hot and need water cooling systems or oil, even with its own pump and radiator.
Control unit (blue): The electronic box has two functions, one to invest in and control the switching of current between the batteries and the motor-generator, and the other to oversee the status of the battery cells. The latter role is crucial, because the battery efficiency is reduced if one cell fails, in addition to that cell may overheat and cause safety problems. With the 400 KJ that can store a maximum, the system provides 80 hp of power for 6.7 seconds, but the teams that used in 2009 had a difficult time with him to improve lap times. The reason was the total weight (minimum 25 kg) and its location. The slicks front that was used, wider than the current demanded a very advanced weight distribution with 49% of weight bearing on the front axle, so the KERS components mounted behind the center of gravity of the car they be difficult to move weight forward.
In 2011 KERS will have the same requirements as in 2009 in terms of energy stored and discharged, but the weight distribution problem is much smaller with narrower front tires, a fixed weight distribution for tires Pirelli (46% front, 54% back), and a minimum weight of the cars high620 to 640 kg.
What we do will be a challenge for designers is the accommodation of the KERS components, especially batteries. With the ban on refueling teams have expanded fuel tanks to the pontoons, which has been forced to make longer and narrower radiators. In 2011, with the KERS batteries, the pontoons will have to be more bulky, which penalize some aerodynamics, but not enough to negate the advantage provided by their extra power.
ALTERNATIVE SYSTEMS:
- Hydraulic KERS:
An alternative to the battery system that could see in 2011 is the use of hydraulics. This system has its limitations, but with the current energy storage limit may apply. KERS would include a hydraulic pump instead of the motor-generator, and a rechargeable battery instead. A simple valve system on the brakes would cause the pump to send oil to the accumulator or KERS button that oil back to the pump by turning and producing power. Its location in an F1 would be relatively simple.
McLaren developed in the late 90's a system like this, but was banned before I could use. If we join that McLaren has said that the KERS in 2011 will be less electronic and hydraulic, and have "creative ideas" for 2011, all this leads us to speculate that the English use the system in 2011.
With a flywheel KERS:
Nobody has used this system in F1, but Honda developed it to your car from 2009 before his retirement from F1, and Williams also has developed. The flywheel would replace the batteries when storing the energy, making it as kinetic energy (can rotate up to 40,000 rpm) and non-electrical.
Williams offered the FIA system supply is clean all equipment as cost-cutting measure, but not accepted. The team of Frank Williams has rejected use in 2011, so this technology will have to resign themselves to be in other categories (Porsche has developed in collaboration with Williams a 911 GT3 R hybrid with this system) or other applications outside of the competition.
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Dell Streak- Review and amazing photos
The Dell Streak is larger than a smartphone and smaller than a Tablet: Dell will not be classified Tablet Phone but in those categories and describes it as a Mobile Internet Device.
Whatever it's called Dell Streak: The device works with Android 1.6.Dell has added the operating system but for some applications, for example, for movies and photos. An update on Dell Android 2.2 has not promised this year. As with an Android smartphone is also the Dell Streak access to the Android Market. Dell Streak has 2 GB internal memory. In addition, a 16 GB micro SD card is inserted in the device.
Facilities
Dell has settled cable earphones. By docking connector can connect the streak with the included USB cable to the PC and so to be charged. For mass storage is the PC connection, however, only the SD card not recognized the internal memory of the tablet. Data synchronization with Outlook and back up important files allows the included Dell PC Suite.
The Streak has two cameras: On the back of a 5-megapixel camera for photos and a web camera on the screen. Also, a GPS receiver on board: this enables the use Streak as Navy.
Operation
The Dell Streak has three mechanical buttons for power, for the camera and adjusts the volume. Otherwise, you control the tablet has three touch keys (Home, Menu, Back) and the screen. The reaction usually quite quickly to data: However, you could scroll with a wiping gesture not quite smoothly through the boot screens. Also, when scrolling and when enlarging photos or web pages by pinch gesture was noticed a little delays. The on-screen keyboard was on letters and numbers on a page: you have to switch just to type special characters. Fast typing is difficult because the keys are very small.
Mobility
The lithium-ion polymer battery in the Dell Streak can switch from the user. Over time, the test could convince Streak: With more than five hours needed for video playback and over ten hours of internet surfing via WLAN it is the Tablet PC is not the defeated Apple iPad. With his size and a weight of 220 grams, the streak is also still fit shirt pocket.
Multimedia
Most of the Office file formats can present the Dell streak thanks to the installed program Quickoffice. For video formats, it is limited to WMV and MP4. However, the MP4 files can be encoded with Divx, Xvid or MPEG-4, they played off the streak - even if the films were available in 720p resolution. Higher resolution does not. H.264 movies were the only streak to Profile Level 1.3 again. Movies that were compressed into a higher level could not play the streak, even if they existed in a low resolution.
Flash video from websites, the Dell Streak not plays because there is the Adobe Flash Player only from Android 2.2. YouTube videos can be played but the pre-installed app, also with high quality.
Screen
The reflective screen of the Dell Streak has a small size, but size showed in the tests: Brightness and contrast were very good, so that the screen even outdoors, even if not directly in the sun, could still easily read.
Conclusion
A Tablet PC with a large screen as the iPad can not replace the Dell Streak: for an intensive surfing and multimedia experience is the screen is too small. But as a larger text made is a very good figure. And on the road, it is more appropriate than a
7-inch tablet as the Samsung Galaxy Tab.
| Dell Streak: test results and technical data | |
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